\u91d1\u66dc\u65e5\u306e\u8aad\u66f8 Why Nations Fail \u4eca\u9031\u306f8\u7ae0\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3067\u7523\u696d\u9769\u547d\u304c\u304a\u3053\u3063\u305f\u6642\u671f(1700\u5e74\u4ee3, James Watt\u306e\u767a\u660e\u306f1769\u5e74\u3067\u3059)\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u5730\u57df\u3067\u306f\u4f55\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u306e\u89e3\u8aac\u3067\u3059\u3002
\n\u30b9\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u306f\u5357\u7c73\u304b\u3089\u306e\u91d1\u9280\u306b\u3088\u308a\u738b\u6a29\u304c\u5f37\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3001\u53ce\u596a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u304c\u7d9a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30aa\u30b9\u30de\u30f3\u5e1d\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u652f\u914d\u5c64\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u72ec\u5360\u6a29\u304c\u5931\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6050\u308c\u3001\u30b0\u30fc\u30c6\u30f3\u30d9\u30eb\u30b0\u767a\u660e\uff081445\uff09\u306e\u5370\u5237\u8853\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u7981\u6b62\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u795e\u8056\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u5e1d\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u30a2\u30fb\u30c6\u30ec\u30b8\u30a2\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5b50\u30e8\u30fc\u30bc\u30d5\uff12\u4e16(\u5728\u4f4d1765-90)\u304c\u8cb4\u65cf\u306e\u7279\u6a29\u3092\u5ec3\u6b62\u3057\u5546\u5de5\u696d\u3092\u767a\u5c55\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304c\u62b5\u6297\u52e2\u529b\uff08\uff1d\u8cb4\u65cf\uff09\u306b\u963b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059(\u3053\u306e\u3042\u305f\u308a\u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\uff1d\u8cb4\u65cf\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8aee\u554f\u4f1a\u8b70\u306e\u5ec3\u6b62\u3001\u3068\u79c1\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u306b\u9f5f\u9f6c\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3002\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u3067\u306f\u9244\u9053\u6577\u8a2d\u304c\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u3082\u912d\u548c\u306e\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u534a\u5cf6\u3078\u306e\u5927\u822a\u6d77(1405-1430, \u8a087\u56de\uff09\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u5927\u578b\u8239\u306e\u5efa\u9020\u304c\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u904a\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u4fb5\u653b\u304c\u304a\u3053\u308a\u307e\u3059(\u660e\u306e\u6ec5\u4ea1\u306f1644)\u3002\u30a8\u30c1\u30aa\u30d4\u30a2\uff08\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\uff09\u3001\u30bd\u30de\u30ea\u30a2\u7b49\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u8af8\u56fd\u306f\u652f\u914d\u5c64\u306e\u65e2\u5f97\u6a29\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u3042\u3063\u305f\u5974\u96b7\u58f2\u8cb7\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3057\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u9001\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u9670\u9b31\u306a\u8a71\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u304c\u4e2d\u7523\u968e\u7d1a\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u591a\u304f\u306e\u52b4\u50cd\u8005\u304c\u5404\u81ea\u30a4\u30ce\u30d9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u7d4c\u6e08\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u306f\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u306b\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u51fa\u3066\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u30011639\u306b\u9396\u56fd\u30011702\u306b\u8d64\u7a42\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u5fe0\u81e3\u8535\uff09\u30011716\u306b\u4eab\u4fdd\u306e\u6539\u9769\u30011787\u306b\u5bdb\u653f\u306e\u6539\u9769\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6d41\u308c\u3067\u3001\u30aa\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u8cbf\u6613\u3067\u7523\u696d\u9769\u547d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff08\u5e73\u8cc0\u6e90\u5185\u306e\u30a8\u30ec\u30ad\u30c6\u30eb\u304c1776\uff09\u304c\u3001\u7523\u696d\u5fdc\u7528\u306e\u8a66\u307f\u306f\u30da\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u6765\u822a(1854)\u306e\u3042\u305f\u308a\u307e\u3067\u306f\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u6c11\u9593\u306e\u767a\u660e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9ce5\u4eba\u5e78\u5409\u306e\u98db\u884c\u5b9f\u9a13\u306f1785\u5e74\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u6240\u6255\u3044\u306e\u7f70\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5c02\u5236\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u30a4\u30ce\u30d9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3042\u305f\u308a\u304c\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u6d77\u904b\u3067\u306e\u677e\u53f3\u885b\u9580\u5e06\u306e\u767a\u660e\u30821785\u5e74\u3067\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5e83\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n
https:\/\/matsuemon.net\/
\nhttps:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B5%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%B9%B8%E5%90%89
\nhttps:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC
\nhttps:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB
\nhttps:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%85%AC%E8%BC%B8%E7%9B%A4<\/p>\n
“The empress Maria Theresia, … frequently responded to suggestions about how to improve or change institutions by remarking “Leave everything as it is.” Nevertheless, she and her son Joseph II, … were responsible for an attempt to construct a more powerful central state and more effective administrative system. Yet they did this in the context of a political system with no real constraints on their actions and with few elements of pluralism.”
\na central state \u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6a29\u56fd\u5bb6
\neffective administrative system \u52b9\u7387\u7684\u884c\u653f\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0
\nconstraints \u5236\u9650
\npluralism \u7570\u306a\u308b\u4fe1\u6761\u3084\u610f\u898b\u3092\u6301\u3064\u4eba\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u304c\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3000\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u306f\u3053\u306a\u308c\u305f\u77ed\u3044\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002\u3000plural \u30d7\u308b\u30fc\u30e9\u308b\u3000\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u7528\u8a9e\u3067\u300c\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u300d
\n“In 1445 in the German city of Meinz, Johannes Gutenberg unveiled an innovation with profound consequences for subsequent economic history: a printing press based on movable types.”
\nunveil \u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3001\u516c\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3000veil\u306f\u30d9\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3059\u3002
\nprofound consequences \u6df1\u9060\u306a\u7d50\u679c
\nmovable type \u6d3b\u5b57
\n\u201dNot everyone saw printing as a desirable innovation. As early as 1485 the Ottoman sultan Bayezit II issued an edict that Muslims were expressly forbidden from printing in Arabic.”
\na desirable innovation \u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u6280\u8853\u9769\u65b0
\nOttoman sultan \u30aa\u30b9\u30de\u30f3\u5e1d\u56fd\u30b9\u30eb\u30bf\u30f3
\nedict \u300c\u30a4\u300d\u30c7\u30a3\u30af\u30c8\u3000= an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority \u541b\u4e3b\u304c\u547d\u4ee4\u3059\u308b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u91d1\u66dc\u65e5\u306e\u8aad\u66f8 Why Nations Fail \u4eca\u9031\u306f8\u7ae0\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3067\u7523\u696d\u9769\u547d\u304c\u304a\u3053\u3063\u305f\u6642\u671f(1700\u5e74\u4ee3, James Watt\u306e\u767a\u660e\u306f1769\u5e74\u3067\u3059)\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u5730\u57df\u3067\u306f\u4f55\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u306e\u89e3\u8aac\u3067\u3059\u3002 \u30b9\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u306f\u5357\u7c73\u304b\u3089\u306e\u91d1\u9280\u306b\u3088\u308a\u738b\u6a29\u304c\u5f37\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3001\u53ce\u596a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u304c\u7d9a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30aa\u30b9\u30de\u30f3\u5e1d\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u652f\u914d\u5c64\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u72ec\u5360\u6a29\u304c\u5931\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6050\u308c\u3001\u30b0\u30fc\u30c6\u30f3\u30d9\u30eb\u30b0\u767a\u660e\uff081445\uff09\u306e\u5370\u5237\u8853\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u7981\u6b62\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u795e\u8056\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u5e1d\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30ea\u30a2\u30fb\u30c6\u30ec\u30b8\u30a2\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5b50\u30e8\u30fc\u30bc\u30d5\uff12\u4e16(\u5728\u4f4d1765-90)\u304c\u8cb4\u65cf\u306e\u7279\u6a29\u3092\u5ec3\u6b62\u3057\u5546\u5de5\u696d\u3092\u767a\u5c55\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304c\u62b5\u6297\u52e2\u529b\uff08\uff1d\u8cb4\u65cf\uff09\u306b\u963b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059(\u3053\u306e\u3042\u305f\u308a\u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\uff1d\u8cb4\u65cf\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8aee\u554f\u4f1a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[32],"class_list":["post-2115","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-whynationsfail","tag-whynationsfail"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sekaiken.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2115","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sekaiken.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sekaiken.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sekaiken.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sekaiken.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2115"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sekaiken.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2115\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sekaiken.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2115"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sekaiken.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2115"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sekaiken.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}